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Heat Pump Systems
To understand heat pumps, first understand that anything above absolute freezing (-273K) has energy. So even water at 0 Celsius can have energy taken from it, it's just becomes more difficult the colder you go. If this sounds implausible, consider a fridge: when your fridge operates, the air in the fridge becomes cooler, but the rear of the fridge (where the pipes are) will become warmer. Your fridge is essentially taking energy from the air in the fridge and dumping it at the rear.
Ground source heat pumps take their energy from below ground, where the temperature remains at around 10 degrees C. Pipes in the ground take fluid at 2-3 degrees, which allows the heat in the ground to transfer into the pipe. This energy is then extracted by the heat pump itself.
Air source heat pumps operate on the same principle, but just extract energy from the air. Perhaps surprisingly, they can operate down to about -15 degrees C ambient temperature.
Air to air heat pumps generate heat that is turned into hot air. They can also operate as an air cooler in summer months and may offer air filtration benefits
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